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Forget Hollywood depictions of gun-toting robots running wild in the streets –
the reality of artificial intelligence is far more dangerous, warns the
historian and author in an exclusive extract from his new book
Throughout history many traditions have believed that some fatal flaw in human
nature tempts us to pursue powers we don’t know how to handle. The Greek myth of
Phaethon told of a boy who discovers that he is the son of Helios, the sun god.
Wishing to prove his divine origin, Phaethon demands the privilege of driving
the chariot of the sun. Helios warns Phaethon that no human can control the
celestial horses that pull the solar chariot. But Phaethon insists, until the
sun god relents. After rising proudly in the sky, Phaethon indeed loses control
of the chariot. The sun veers off course, scorching all vegetation, killing
numerous beings and threatening to burn the Earth itself. Zeus intervenes and
strikes Phaethon with a thunderbolt. The conceited human drops from the sky like
a falling star, himself on fire. The gods reassert control of the sky and save
the world.
Two thousand years later, when the Industrial Revolution was making its first
steps and machines began replacing humans in numerous tasks, Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe published a similar cautionary tale titled The Sorcerer’s Apprentice.
Goethe’s poem (later popularised as a Walt Disney animation starring Mickey
Mouse) tells of an old sorcerer who leaves a young apprentice in charge of his
workshop and gives him some chores to tend to while he is gone, such as fetching
water from the river. The apprentice decides to make things easier for himself
and, using one of the sorcerer’s spells, enchants a broom to fetch the water for
him. But the apprentice doesn’t know how to stop the broom, which relentlessly
fetches more and more water, threatening to flood the workshop. In panic, the
apprentice cuts the enchanted broom in two with an axe, only to see each half
become another broom. Now two enchanted brooms are inundating the workshop with
water. When the old sorcerer returns, the apprentice pleads for help: “The
spirits that I summoned, I now cannot rid myself of again.” The sorcerer
immediately breaks the spell and stops the flood. The lesson to the apprentice –
and to humanity – is clear: never summon powers you cannot control.
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